Towards a Research Agenda for Increasing Trust in Maps and Their Trustworthiness

U ovom se radu razmatra o mogućnostima kartografa da osiguraju i/ili povećaju pouzdanost karata. Karte su, kao i sva druga sredstva komunikacije, rezultat mnogih odluka. Mnoge od tih odluka dopuštaju nekoliko opcija. Ne postoje uvijek zadane, jasne ili dobre prakse, smjernice ili preporuke o tome koju opciju odabrati. Karakteristika je kartografije da se mogu donositi individualne odluke, posebice u pogledu pripreme podataka, odabira i dizajna. Budući da je svaka karta rezultat mnogih odluka, povjerenje u karte ovisi o tome jesu li te odluke razumne, neupitne, transparentno dostupne i poduprte pouzdanim donositeljima odluka (pouzdanim u smislu institucije koja ima ugled i koja je kompetentna). Pojava softvera za izradu karata i instrumenata za obradu podataka jednostavnih za upotrebu stavila je neke od tih odluka u ruke "svima", ali i u ruke mnogih koji bi mogli biti zainteresirani za upotrebu karata kao instrumenata za komuniciranje određenog programa. Ovo je slično drugim načinima komunikacije i dovelo je do rastuće rasprave o "lažnim vijestima", "lažnim medijima" i "lažnim kartama", odnosno na koji način možemo vjerovati prenesenim informacijama i na koji način možemo razlikovati " lažna" od "pouzdanih" karata. U ovom je radu, stoga, predstavljen prijedlog o mogućnostima kartografa da osiguraju i/ili povećaju pouzdanost karata. To se postiže uvođenjem dvaju koncepta: "dubine", čime se omogućuje transparentnost kartografskih odluka, i "širine" koja omogućuje kontekstualizaciju dane karte mogućnošću pristupa alternativnim kartama iste teme. Ovaj se prijedlog nadovezuje na postojeće pokušaje doprinosa etičkom okviru za izradu karata kao što je Povelja Locus ili Etički kodeks Britanskoga kartografskog društva.In this paper a proposal is presented on how cartographers can ensure and/or enhance the trustworthiness of maps. Maps, like all other means of communication, are a result of many decisions. Many of those decisions allow for several options. Default, clear or good practices, guidelines or recommendations do not always exist for which option to choose. It is rather a characteristic of cartography that individual decisions can be made, especially on data preparation, selection, and design aspects. Because every map is a result of many decisions, trust in maps depends on those decisions being reasonable, not questioned, transparently accessible or underpinned by reliable decision makers (reliable in terms of their record as an institution, because of their reputation, because of their competence). The advent of easy-to-use map making software and data handling instruments put some of those decisions in the hands of "everyone", as well as in the hands of many who might have an interest in using maps as instruments of communicating a specific agenda. This is like other means of communication and has led to a rising discussion on "fake news", "fake media" and "fake maps", thus ultimately how we can trust the communicated information and how we can distinguish "fake" from "trustworthy" maps. Therefore, in this paper a proposal is presented on how cartographers can ensure and/or enhance the trustworthiness of maps. This is done by introducing two concepts of "going deep", allowing for transparency of cartographic decisions and "going wide", allowing for contextualizing a given map by being able to access alternative maps of the same topic. This proposal adds to the existing attempts to contribute to an ethical framework for map making, such as the Locus Charter or the Code of Ethics of the British Cartographic Society

Sterns Konzept des "Evozierten Gefährten" während der adoleszenten Selbstentwicklung

Sterns Entwicklungskonzept des „Evozierten Gefährten“ ist ein intersubjektives Modell, welches die Organisations- und Orientierungsvorgänge des frühkindlichen Selbst erklärt. Der Evozierte Gefährte steht beinahe ubiquitär zur Verfügung und spiegelt sich aus den generalisierten Interaktionsvorgängen (RIGs) mit den bedeutungsvollen Anderen. In der frühen Kindheit sind dies die Primärobjekte – Mutter/Vater –, wohingegen im Laufe der Entwicklung Erlebnisse mit Anderen, die Bedeutung erlangen, geteilt werden. In diesem Kontext strukturiert und differenziert sich das Selbst. Besonders während des adoleszenten Entwicklungsverlaufes kommt es zu einer Umstrukturierung der Perspektivenwelt des Heranwachsenden, im Kontext einer anderen Beziehungsumwelt, und „neue“ RIGs werden in der Begegnung mit bedeutungsvollen Anderen aufgebaut. Individuen, außerhalb der Familie, gewinnen in der Adoleszenz an Bedeutung, da zwei der adoleszenten Hauptaufgaben die Abnabelung von den primären Bezugspersonen und der Aufbau einer eigenen autonomen Identität sind. Außerdem kommt es zu einer Verschiebung der „Selbst-Perspektiven“ durch das Erleben verschiedener „Lebensformen“ in der Begegnung mit Anderen. Das heißt, dass der Aufbau eigener intersubjektiver Beziehungen eine Pluralisierung des Erlebens und des Empfindens des Selbst mit dem Anderen ermöglicht und dass unterschiedliche Lebensformen (adoleszenter Natur) erfahren werden, die zur Organisation, Modifikation und Elaboration des Selbst beitragen. Ichstyling-Prozesse im Sinne eines „zu mir Passens“ oder „nicht zu mir Passens“ sind erkennbar, und der Heranwachsende differenziert sein Selbst in der Interaktion mit dem bedeutungsvollen Anderen. Das Entwicklungsbegleitungsmodell des „Therapeutische Begleiters/Gefährten“ ist in der vorliegenden Arbeit dem Konzept des „bedeutungsvollen Anderen“ angelehnt. Grund hierfür ist, dass der Therapeutische Begleiter aufgrund der konstanten zweijährigen Begleitung der Beziehungsumwelt des Heranwachsenden angehört und es während den Begegnungen „zwangsläufig“ zu Affektregulationen und anderen Formen des intersubjektiven Erlebens kommt. Anhand der Analyse und der Interpretation bestimmter Protokollausschnitte – die von den Begegnungen eines adoleszenten Jungen mit einem Therapeutischen Begleiter berichten – ist tendenziell erkennbar, dass im Zusammensein mit einem bedeutungsvollen Anderen adoleszente RIG-Bildungen ablaufen. Ebenso dürfte die Reorganisation des adoleszenten Selbst über das frühkindliche Entwicklungsmodell des Evozierten Gefährten angeleitet sein. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, dass das Entwicklungskonzept des Evozierten Gefährten eng mit Mentalisierungsprozessen verwoben ist und in diese mögliche adoleszente Form der Selbstorganisation überführt. Eine höhere Differenzierung des adoleszenten Selbst, verstanden als ein „Empfinden“ unterschiedlicher Handlungs- und Lebensperspektiven, kann als Lernprozess im sozialen Setting gesehen werden, da der Andere moderierend, begleitend, stützend und das Selbstempfinden verändernd erlebt wird. Pointierter formuliert, benötigt das adoleszente Selbst den Anderen um sich selbst erleben und empfinden zu können

Covid 19 and lodging places

[EN] Tourism is a very important source of income for national economies all over the world. Before Covid-19, this sector contributed with 10.4% of the global GDP. Innovative tools for tourism study and promotion are very necessary for a future recovery of the industry. Thus, we have explored Airbnb data as a source of information about the lodging sector, very relevant within the tourism industry. We have analyzed these data to explore the experience of tourists before and after the pandemic. Our aims included identifying and visualizing opinion changes through semantics extracted from semi-structured data generated by the Airbnb customers. We used Natural Language Processing and techniques such as sentiment analysis combined with spatial analysis with KDE in order to characterize and spatially visualize user opinion. Results did not show significant differences in user opinion before and after the outbreak of Covid, however spatial patterns related to sentiments were made visible. Moreover, a large dataset covering 3.6M Airbnb lodging spots from 108 cities was compiled and will be made available in the future. This paper can be useful for the lodging industry, tourism organizations as well as social media researchers by providing an alternative approach that involves the role of location in the study of customer behaviour.Ruiz-Martinez, E.; Porras-Bernardez, F.; Gartner, G. (2022). Covid 19 and lodging places. En 4th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics (CARMA 2022). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 237-244. https://doi.org/10.4995/CARMA2022.2022.1509823724

EuroCarto 2022

From the 19th to the 21st of September 2022, the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) hosted the 3rd European Cartographic Conference, EuroCarto 2022. The conference was endorsed by the International Cartographic Association (ICA) and jointly organized by the Research Unit Cartography at TU Wien, the German (DGfK), Austrian (ÖKK), Swiss (SGK) and British (BCS) Cartographic Societies. Sponsors were the Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), the Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (BEV) and the University of Toronto Press Journals Division (UTP). The conference provided a forum for discussion, exchange, and research collaboration for cartographers and professionals in related disciplines.Od 19. do 21. rujna 2022. Tehničko sveučilište u Beču (TU Wien) bilo je domaćin 3. europske kartografske konferencije, EuroCarto 2022. Konferenciju je podržalo Međunarodno kartografsko društvo (ICA), a zajednički su je organizirali Istraživačka jedinica za kartografiju na TU Wien te njemačko (DGfK), austrijsko (ÖKK), švicarsko (SGK) i britansko (BCS) kartografsko društvo. Sponzori su bili Istraživački institut za sustave okoliša (Esri), Savezni ured za mjeriteljstvo i mjerenje (BEV) i University of Toronto Press Journals Division (UTP). Konferencija je omogućila forum za raspravu, razmjenu i istraživačku suradnju kartografima i stručnjacima iz srodnih disciplina

WordCrowd : a location-based application to explore the city based on geo-social media and semantics

WordCrowd is a dynamic location-based service that visualizes and analyzes geolocated social media data. By spatially clustering the data, areas of interest and their descriptions can be extracted and compared on different geographical scales. When walking through the city, the application visualizes the nearest areas of interest and presents these in a word cloud. By aggregating the data based on the country of origin of the original poster, we discover differences and similarities in tourist interest between different countries. This work is part of the project Eureca: European Region Enrichment in City Archives and Collections of Ghent University (IDLab, CartoGIS), the Technical University of Vienna (Research Group Cartography) and several city and state archives from Ghent and Vienna.(VLID)452639

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging detection of basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration in a mouse model

Loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is an early and key feature of Alzheimer's disease, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric measurement of the basal forebrain has recently gained attention as a potential diagnostic tool for this condition. The aim of this study was to determine whether loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons underpins changes which can be detected through diffusion MRI using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and probabilistic tractography in a mouse model. To cause selective basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration, the toxin saporin conjugated to a p75 neurotrophin receptor antibody (mu-p75-SAP) was used. This resulted in similar to 25% loss of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and significant loss of terminal cholinergic projections in the hippocampus, as determined by histology. To test whether lesion of cholinergic neurons caused basal forebrain, hippocampal, or whole brain atrophy, we performed manual segmentation analysis, which revealed no significant atrophy in lesioned animals compared to controls (Rb-IgG-SAP). However, analysis by DTI of the basal forebrain area revealed a significant increase in fractional anisotropy (FA; + 7.7%), mean diffusivity (MD; + 6.1%), axial diffusivity (AD; + 8.5%) and radial diffusivity (RD; +4.0%) in lesioned mice compared to control animals. These parameters strongly inversely correlated with the number of choline acetyl transferase-positive neurons, with FA showing the greatest association (r(2) = 0.72), followed by MD (r(2) = 0.64), AD (r(2) = 0.64) and RD (r(2) = 0.61). Moreover, probabilistic tractography analysis of the septo-hippocampal tracts originating from the basal forebrain revealed an increase in streamline MD (+5.1%) and RD (+4.3%) in lesioned mice. This study illustrates that moderate loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (representing only a minor proportion of all septo-hippocampal axons) can be detected by measuring either DTI parameters of the basal forebrain nuclei or tractography parameters of the basal forebrain tracts. These findings provide increased support for using DTI and probabilistic tractography as non-invasive tools for diagnosing and/or monitoring the progression of conditions affecting the integrity of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in humans, including Alzheimer's disease. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved